1 Summary Geography Class 37 ## Geography Class 37 [17:11:00] ## A brief overview of the previous class i.e. Himalayas and Q&A session ## The Peninsular Block [17:43:00] - The peninsular block is a great complex of Ancient rocks which has existed as a single rigid block for Millions of years - It extends from Gujarat in the west to Meghalaya in the east and from Plains in the north to the southern tip of India in the south - [\* Why did Meghalaya get separated?- A gap was formed named as "**Malda gap**" or "Garo-Rajmahal gap"] - ![Peninsular Block - Geography Notes](https://static.prepp.in/public/image/69dde03b9c232b50f8d91bbc1bcc1f5e.png?tr=w-512,h-512,c-force) - This region was subjected to a few episodes of Tectonic activity - 1) Submergence of the Western part of Western Ghats - 2) Formation of Rift Valleys such as Narmada-Tapi etc - 3) Formation of Deccan traps when the Indian plate was moving towards the Eurasian plate and it encountered the Reunion Hotspots - ![Palaeoposition of India -Seychelles during the Cretaceous -Tertiary... | Download Scientific Diagram](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347133971/figure/fig2/AS:968869082583041@1608007798133/Palaeoposition-of-India-Seychelles-during-the-Cretaceous-Tertiary-transition-65-Ma.png) ## Mountain ranges in Peninsular Block [18:02:00] - Arvallis- Old fold mountains of earlier times - Vindhyas and Satpuras- Block mountains - From north to south- Vindhya> Satpura> Narmada> Tapi - Western Ghats - Eastern Ghats ## Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat comparison [18:05:00] - | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | | **Western Ghats** | **Eastern Ghats** | | **Extent** | Gujarat (south of Tapi) to kanyakumari | South of Mahanadi to Nilgiri | | **States** | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu The Western Ghats And Eastern Ghats - UPSC | Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamilnadu, Karnataka The Western and Eastern Ghats - Geography Notes | | **Continuity** | Continuous | Discontinuous [\* Due to the rivers coming from the west which has eroded the eastern Ghats] | | **Slope** | These are taller | These are a bit shorter | | | Narrow | Wide | | **Topography** | Highest peak- Anaimudi Overall height increases towards the south | Highest peak- Mahendragiri Some sources state that Zindgada's peak Height increases towards the North | | **Closeness with coast** | Closer to the coast | A Bit far from the coast | | **Physiography** | More river originates from western Ghat | Less river originates from eastern Ghat | | **Precipitation** | Higher precipitation | Lower precipitation | | **Vegetation** | Vegetation in Western ghat is an evergreen type | Vegetation- Deciduous | | **Biodiversity** | Higher Biodiversity in Western Ghat | Lower biodiversity in Eastern Ghat | - Ghat means Pass [Palghat, Bhorghat] or highly elevated regions - **Parts of Western Ghats** - In Maharashtra and Karnataka- Called Sahayadri - In Karnataka- Baba Budan Hills. It is the origin of coffee - Nilgiri- Because of Neelkurinji Flowers - Anaimalai Hills - Cardamom Hills - ![Western Ghats | Natural World Heritage Sites](https://www.naturalworldheritagesites.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Western-Ghats-India-Location-Map.jpg) - **Parts of Eastern Ghats** - Mahendragiri - Nallamala hills - Palkonda Hills- Tirupati is part of this - Javadi & Shevroy hills - ![Spread of Eastern Ghats – Major hills and settlements. | Download Scientific Diagram](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274572738/figure/fig2/AS:267724962136074@1440842013261/Spread-of-Eastern-Ghats-Major-hills-and-settlements.png) ## Plateaus of Peninsular Block [18:25:00] - Malwa plateau - **Bundelkhand Plateau** - ![Solved] Which one of the following plateaus is not a part of the Sou](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/08/F1__Uma%20B_23-08-21_Savita_D3.png) - **Chotanagpur Plateau-** Entire Jharkhand state - **Meghalaya Plateau**- Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are part of this plateau - **Deccan Plateau**- Between Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat- Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Northern part of Telangana are covered in Deccan traps - **Rayalseema Plateau**- Region within Andhra Pradesh. [\* It is called Rayalseema because it was ruled by the Clan of Rayas ] - **Telangana plateau** - [Krishna river marks the boundary between Rayalseema and Telangana plateau] - **Karnataka plateau**- Towards western ghat, it is a hilly region called **Malnad** and on the other side it is a plain region called Rolling plain/ **Maidan** - **Dandakarnya plains** ## Plains of India [18:36:00] - Flat regions - Two types- Northern Plains and Coastal Plains - **Northern Plains** - **How it originated?** - The Northern Plains are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Himalayan rivers into the basin between the Himalayas and Peninsular blocks. - It extends for a total of 3200 KMs of which plains of India are for 2400 KMs - This is the largest alluvial plain in the world - It is divided into the Rajasthan plain, Punjab& Haryana Plains, Ganga plains, and Brahmaputra Plains - ![The Northern Plains - Geography Notes](https://static.prepp.in/public/image/f3b4dd4534d5c4584fe4e31df0bcbcce.png?tr=w-512,h-288,c-force) ## Rajasthan Plains [19:10:00] - It is a riverine plain - It is formed due to sediments brought by the rivers - They may have formed due to the drying up of the rivers which once existed in this region - The western part of Rajasthan is a proper desert called "Marusthali" - The eastern part of Rajasthan plains is called Rajasthan Bagar which is semi-arid due to the presence of river Luni ## Punjab & Haryana Plains [19:20:00] - These are the plains of the Indus - Doab is a region between two rivers - ![Doab - Wikipedia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/800px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg) - BIST doab- between Beas and Sutlej rivers. It is only in India. - BARI doab- Between Beas and Ravi rivers - RECHNA doab- Between Ravi and Chenab - CHAJ doab- Between Chenab and Jhelum - Sind Sagar Doab- Between Sind and Chenab ## Ganga plains [19:26:00] - It covers UP, Bihar, and West Bengal - It extends from Delhi to Kolkata - **Parts of the Ganga plains** - Doab- Ganga- Yamuna Doab - Rohilkhand plains - Awadh plains - Lower Ganga plains ## Brahmaputra Plains [19:31:00] - It is also called the Assam plains - Extent- From Sadiya in the east to Dhubri in west - It is surrounded by Hills ## Types of Northern Plains [19:35:00] - **Bhabhar-** - It is a region of Porous gravel and boulders deposited by rivers entering the plains from the Mountains - In this region the smaller rivers disappear and start flowing underground - **Terai-** - It is a marshy region after Bhabhar where rivers start to re-appear. It is very fertile and widely used for the agriculture of rice and sugarcane - They are waterlogged regions and are prone to **water-borne diseases**/ **Mosquito-borne diseases** - Northern parts of UP, Bihar border, Nepal, Muzaffarnagar area. - ![Bhabar - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia](https://alchetron.com/cdn/bhabar-b0a6fdc1-b031-4da8-99ee-8377a838279-resize-750.jpeg) - **Khadar** - It is the alluvial plain just next to River valley. - It is made up of fresh alluvial soil which gets replenished every year - It is more fertile - **Bangar** - It is the older alluvial plain located away from the river valley - It is less fertile than Khadar - It is more settled. ## Duars formation [19:50:00] - These are unconsolidated sediments deposited by rivers from mountains along the foothills of the North-east region i.e. West Bengal and Assam - They are best suited for tea cultivation ## Coastal Plains [19:53:00] - They are formed by the sediments deposited by the rivers coming from the peninsular region - There are two coastal plains- The eastern coastal plains and The western coastal Plains - | | | | --- | --- | | **Western coastal plain** | **Eastern Coastal Plain** | | From Kutch to Kanyakumari | From Sundarbans to Kanyakumari | | Narrow [\* The length covered by rivers is less thus fewer sediments] | Wider [\* Rivers flow for long distances and carry large sediments] | | The maximum extent is 65 Km | Maximum extent is 150-200 Km | | Dominated by Estuaries | Dominated by Deltas | | The western coast is called a submerged coast. However, the Malabar coast is emergent one | The entire Eastern coast is emergent | | The erosion process is more active | The deposition process is active- So more beaches, sandbars | | The western coast is a broken coast or an Indented coast | The eastern coast is smooth. The coastline is smooth | | Natural harbours and ports because of the broken coast and erosion. | Few of them are Natural harbours but most are artificial/ man-made port | | Wider continental shelves around the western coast | Narrow continental shelves around the eastern coast | | Kathiawad coast, Konkan coast, Malabar coast Salient Features of East and West Coast of India - GKToday | Utkal plain, Northern circar, Coromanadal coast Western And Eastern Coastal Plains Of India - UPSC | ## The topic for the next class: - Drainage systems and Islands